Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: A molecular convergence in the triad of parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder and gut health is revealed by the inflammation-miRNA axis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03608-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of human α-Syn in raphe serotonin (5-HT) neurons in mice. A Experimental design. Male mice received 1 µl of AAV2/5-CBh-WPRE3 construct to drive expression of human α-Syn (AAV-α-Syn) or empty AAV2/5-CBh-WPRE3 vector containing non-coding (null) stuffer DNA (AAV-EV) into dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks (W) post-infusion . B Representative confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing the co-localization of human α-Syn protein and tryptophan hydroxylase-TPH + cells in the DR of mice after AAV2/5 injection. Scale bar: 50 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). C-D Representative confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing co-localization of human α-Syn + /serotonin transporter-SERT + fibers in 5-HT projection brain regions, such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and caudate putamen (CPu) of mice. Scale bar: 25 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). E Representative confocal images of Iba1 + microglia. Scale bar: 200, 50, and 10 μm, respectively. Bar chart showing a significant increase in the number and size of Iba1 + microglia in the DR at 4 and 8 weeks post-infusion. F Representative confocal images of GFAP + astrocytes. Scale bar: 200, 50, and 10 μm, respectively. Bar chart showing a significant increase in the number GFAP + astrocytes in the DR at 4 and 8 weeks post-infusion. G Representative confocal images and quantification of Iba1 + microglia in the mPFC and CPu. Scale bar: 50 μm. H Representative images and quantification of GFAP + astrocytes in the mPFC and CPu. Scale bar: 50 μm. I High-magnification confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing the co-localization of human α-Syn + (red) within Iba1 + microglia (green) or GFAP + astrocytes (green) in the DR at 8 weeks post-infusion. Scale bar: 50 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). J-K Mice with human α-Syn accumulation displayed depressive-like behaviors, including increased immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. L Whole gut transit quantification at 8 weeks post-infusion. M Expression level of Iba1 mRNA in the ileum. N Expression level of GFAP mRNA in the ileum. Data points represent individual mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus controls (detailed statistical analysis in supplementary excel file)

Article Snippet: Sessions were videotaped for 6 min and the immobility time was measured (Smart, Panlab, Cornella, Spain).

Techniques: Over Expression, Construct, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Injection, Suspension

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: A molecular convergence in the triad of parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder and gut health is revealed by the inflammation-miRNA axis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03608-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: MiRNA and mRNA expression profile in a depressive-like mouse model subjected to corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress. A Experimental design. Mice were chronically CORT exposure in the drinking water for 28 days and examined on day 36 . B Mice exposed to CORT displayed depressive-like behaviors, including increased immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. C-H Expression levels of miR-199a-5p, miR-219a-5p, and miR-200a-3p in the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and caudate putamen (CPu) of CORT-treated mice compared to the control vehicle (VEH)-treated mice. I- J Expression levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and NFκB1 mRNAs in the mPFC of the same CORT-treated mice compared to the VEH-treated mice. N-P Expression levels of Iba1, GFAP, and 5-HT 2A R mRNAs in the mPFC of the same CORT-treated mice compared to the VEH-treated mice. Q-U Expression levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and NFκB1 mRNAs in the CPU of CORT-treated mice and VEH-treated mice. V-X Expression levels of Iba1, GFAP, and 5-HT 2A R mRNAs in the CPu of CORT-treated mice and VEH-treated mice. Data is plotted as mean ± SEM. Data points represent individual mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus controls (detailed statistical analysis in supplementary excel file)

Article Snippet: Sessions were videotaped for 6 min and the immobility time was measured (Smart, Panlab, Cornella, Spain).

Techniques: Expressing, Suspension, Control

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Immune and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Restraint Stress-Induced Depression Model

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic profiling. ( a ) Diagram of the 24-hour restraint stress mouse model. ( b ) Quantification of the sucrose preference in SPT (** p = 0.007) and immobility time in 4 min in FST (* p = 0.0121, n = 17 for NC group and n = 16 for restraint group, each dot represents one mouse). ( c ) Volcano plot for differentially expressed genes in restraint mice samples compared with controls in RNA-seq. Blue and red dots indicate statistical down- and up-regulated genes, respectively. ( d ) Heat-map analysis on expressions of genes in the mPFC ( n = 3 for each group). ( e , f ) GO—‘Biological Processes’/‘Cellular Component’/‘Molecular Function’ analysis on up-regulated genes in restraint mice compared with control mice in RNA-seq. ( g , h ) GSEA analysis of differentially expressed genes in restraint mice samples compared with controls in RNA-seq. Red indicates gene sets positively enriched in the stress group (NES > 0), while blue indicates gene sets negatively enriched in stress (NES < 0). NES, normalized enrichment score.

Article Snippet: The immobility time of the last 4 min were analyzed by Noldus-maze.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Control

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Immune and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Restraint Stress-Induced Depression Model

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clemastine treatment alleviates depressive-like behavior. ( a , b ) Behavioral assessments show that clemastine treatment restores sucrose preference (( a ), Control + Water versus Restraint + Water, * p = 0.0155; Restraint + Water versus Restraint + Clemastine, * p = 0.0439; n = 10 for Control group and n = 12 for restraint group) and reduces immobility time (( b ), Control + Water versus Restraint + Water, * p = 0.0297; Restraint + Water versus Restraint + Clemastine, * p = 0.0452; n = 10 for Control group and n = 12 for restraint group) in restraint-stressed mice, indicating antidepressant-like effects. Each dot represents one mouse. ( c ) Temporal clustering analysis of proteomics datasets of mPFC tissues from mice (N means control group, C means control + clemastine group, R means restraint group, R + C means restraint+clemastine group, n = 3 for each group).

Article Snippet: The immobility time of the last 4 min were analyzed by Noldus-maze.

Techniques: Control